Beyond freedom and necessity The recent discussions on the list concerning freedom and deity have remind me of Socrates' saying that philosophy begins in wonder; and the ensuing consternation when one no longer wonders when one is no longer startled, when for one reason or another, because one has reflected once too often, or did not care enough in the first place, it seems just another rehash of an old argument, or one puts it aside with the label of dialectic or paradox. It does serve one too well to become comfortable with the paradox, and I guess that is one of Kierkegaards attractions that he consistently succeeds in walking the fine line between taking offense at the paradox and taking it for granted. .PP Having said all this to exculpate myself and others on the list with scholarly pretensions, I confess that I found it an argument so well worn so familiar, that I could not get excited about it, but used it as occasion to review my ignorance of what others have said on the subject of how others have grappled with this problem. .PP A denial of free will is implicit already in Socrates' belief that wrongdoing is a consequence of ignorance; that no one knowingly does wrong Similarly Aristotles account of deity as the unmoved mover It was the attempt of the Church to implement its earthly dominion by legistlating virtue and vice that created the philosophical dilemma. Ordinary laws control by reward and punishment.