Dear Marion, Thank you for your thoughtful reply to my reflections about ethics. Few readers would would take these abstruse ruminations seriously: I am pleased that you are the exception. For me, abstract considerations such as the ones with which I importuned you, function also as a consolation; they constitute a refuge from the challenges of day to day existence to which I find myself increasingly unequal; yet there is no reason to expect that my reflections should seem meaningful to anyone other than myself. You deserve lots of Brownie points for your efforts. I thought it was very perceptive of you to adduce the flight restrictions occasioned by the volcanic eruption as an example of inconstant and unpredictable legislation, moreover, an interesting intersection of the "laws" promulgated by authorities and the "laws" of nature. There's no disagreement between us. My only comment: Kant would never have permitted that a precept so uncertain, so unpredictable and so changeable as the regulations to which you alluded, be referred to as a "law". Arguably one should try to maintain a distinction between the arbitrary directive of a bureaucrat and that "universal" law, of which it can meaningfully be said, as did Goethe, "Und das Gesetz nur kann uns Freiheit geben." While the psychology and the politics of the "laws" that are promulgated by the state seem rather transparent to me, the cogency of the "truths" or "laws" of nature I find much more difficult to explain. For purposes of analysis, I overlook readily observable phenomena such as the effects of gravity, the boyancy of floating objects, the surface tension of fluids. These are readily ascertained, no matter by what names they are called. Of interest are those "laws" of nature indicated by presumptively incontrovertible "facts", which are nonetheless beyond the range of my observation and experience. Such laws, it seems to me, constitute the bulk of traditional science. I begin with the observation that whatever I see, whatever I hear, whatever I understand, must, if remembered, be assumed to have modified my nervous system, to have altered my mind, to have become a part of my intellectual persona. So also the theory, the scientific "law" which I am taught. The mind which has been altered by theory, which has been modified by the "law" with which it was indoctrinated, is thereafter susceptible to impressions to which it would previously have been impervious, - and over a period of time these impressions, these experiences, corroborate or controvert the "law" to which they are responses. There is an unavoidable evolution of what is deemed to be true. - The notions I have described seem to me both contrived and obvious, and except for the fact that such ideas are never stated, they would probably not be worth articulating. Stay well, and please feel no obligation to respond to my extravagant notions. "Hirngespinste" is the appropriate name. Jochen