Dear Marion, As I re-read our most recent exchange, it occurs to me that there are yet further essential considerations worth making explicit. Our respective arguments appear to me to fit seamlessly together. You receive the Hebrew tradition as a phenomenon of biological evolution. Our beliefs, you argue, were selected because they favor the survival of those who entertain them. I'll leave that argument on the table so to speak, for further scrutiny, but I have no stake in controverting it. You seek to explain Judaism as a "natural" phenomenon. I don't object. I'm not concerned to demonstrate the "supernatural" origin of Judaism or of any other religious tradition. (The circumstance that I fail to recognize a distinction between "natural" and "supernatural" is irrelevant to our discussion and is no impediment to my accepting your argument at face value.) My point was - and is - that whatever the provenance of the belief in the Hebrew God, his "omniscience", his totalitarian accountancy, the circumstance that he registers every gnat and every minnow, that he counts the feathers on every bird and the hairs on every mammal, establishes for those who "believe in" him a metaphysical reality, i.e. a reality not otherwise demonstrable. (The identification of such a reality is the central thesis of Leibniz' Monadology and of his Differential Calculus.) It seems to me that an unbiased, unprejudiced observer will conclude that the hypothesis of such a reality is in fact integral to modern science, and that far from contradicting, our respective arguments in fact complement, each other. If God, as you postulate, is an expression of human thought which supports the survival of those selected (read chosen) people who "believe in" him, then the circumstance that, as I argue, the "belief in" him provides an assurance of universal reality, virtual or otherwise, is perhaps of much greater "survival value" than the postulate of an admittedly largely dysfunctional family relationship. I'd like to think that I make myself clear, but I have my doubts. Permit me to say that although I have no stake in controverting your argument of religious Darwinism, i.e. of the characteristics of the Hebrew tradition as supportive of "the survival of the fittest," I believe your argument subject to the challenge that the period over which this tradition has evolved is much too brief to admit of biological evolution. I surmise, rather, that "Religious Darwinism", if I may coin the term, like "Social Darwinism," is itself not canonical science, but rather a facet of religious propaganda, fashioned to propagate a quasi religious faith. I have no objection. I'm reminded of an apothegm by the romantic poet Novalis: Wo keine Goetter walten, walten Gespenster. I've come across no description of dinosaurs that I find more persuasive. Jochen