Dear Marion, Thank you for your letter. I'm much appreciative of the seriousness of your reflections about the statistical medical evidence on which contemporary physicians base their therapeutic decisions. Having spent much of my professional life advising my patients how much medication, if any, they should take to "control" numerically calibrated intraocular pressures, relying in part on a mathematical model of my own devising: http://home.earthlink.net/~ernstmeyer/glaucoma/letter02.html http://home.earthlink.net/~ernstmeyer/glaucoma/letter03.html - I've probably sent you this URL before pointing as it does to a mixture of "serious" science, parody, irony and satire - I'm in no position to be critical and have much to apologize for. There appears to me in statistical modeling of experience an "uncertainty principle" conceptually distinct, yet quite analogous to the uncertainty principle in the quantum theory of physics. The primary statistical uncertainty is in the translation of experience (Erleben) into logical or mathematical symbols (words or numbers), a process in which sometimes little, sometimes much, occasionally everything is lost. A further statistical uncertainty attends the grouping of individual phenomena, - events, persons, - into classes, again a process in which sometimes little, sometimes much, occasionally everything is obscured. The certainty exhibited by statistical expressions is never a reflection of primary experience. Statistical conclusions come to represent a self-contained, self-validating reality of their own, a latter-day logical-mathematical scholasticism which is likely to control human activities for centuries to come, not only in medicine, but in the basic and not so basic sciences, such as economics, as well. Suddenly, I find myself sleepy, having gotten up at 6 a.m. to drive Klemens to his office. My thought is becoming unthreaded. I need to catch up on my sleep. Maybe more later. Jochen