Dear Marion, As I review our most recent exchange, - and I apologize for my inability to refrain from doing so, - I conclude that the salient psychological issue is not whether "spirituality" is inward or outward, but whether it is individual or social, private or public. And on this score, I find persistent and pervasive contradiction in our cultural-religious traditions. Arguably if man is made in God's image, then monotheism is the most persuasive of arguments for unique and individual personality as the controlling characteristic of human nature. On the other hand, the primacy of language in human affairs, its origin in society and its conclusive expression in law, are strong evidence that spirituality is social. Why can't it be both, individual and social. Why should it have to be one or the other? Arguably the emphasis on individuality may be construed as function and consequence of a progressively increasing density of population, which we all experience as the need to escape from the city into the country. Crowds become oppressive, and the "Romantic" spirit in each of us longs for solitude.... Jochen