Dear Jeff,

Concerning the issue whether or not Valley Health Care's Payment to your
father's estate is or is not a gift, permit me to point out that a gift
from a Medicare provider of services to a Medicare beneficiary is construed,
as a matter of law to be an illegal "inducement" for the utilization of
Medicare services and is routinely punished as a crime. If the $50,000
payment which your mother accepted were adjudged to be a gift, she would
be required to return it and both the donor and the recipient would
be subject to criminal penalties.

The fact is that it is not your mother, but your father's Estate which
had a claim against Valley, and your mother's Release was given
ONLY IN BEHALF OF YOUR FATHER'S ESTATE. That Estate received $50,000
in compensation for your father's accidental death, and if that payment
were income taxable (which arguably is not the case) it would be not your
mother, but the Estate that was liable for the income taxes. Inasuch as 
your mother is the sole heir, she receives the entirety of Valley's
payment as an inheritance, hypothetically subject to an estate tax, 
from which, however, the Estate is sheltered by the $5,000,000 estate 
tax exclusion.

A second related issue concerns the obligation to report to Medicare, 
Valley's payment to your father's Estate. Such an obligation, if it
existed, would be the joint responsbility of Valley and the Estate.
The Release given by the Estate (your mother) does not specify the
Estate's assuming an obligation to reimburse Medicare for any sums
Valley received from Medicare. Since any sums that must hypothetically
be reimbursed to Medicare were paid to Valley rather than to your father, 
I would argue that such reimbursement should be required of Valley, 
rather than the of Estate.

Best wishes to you and your family.

Jochen

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http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/is-your-personal-injury-settlement-taxable.html

Is Your Personal Injury Settlement Taxable?
Find out when Uncle Sam might be able to get his hands on part of your injury settlement.

by David Berg

The vast majority of all personal injury cases settle before or during trial. Only a small percentage are tried to a verdict. Once you accept the defense attorney’s settlement offer, then the case is settled. All your lawyer needs to do to let the defense attorney know that you accept the offer is to tell him/her, by email, phone, fax, letter, or a combination of the above.

So, what happens next? In a perfect world, you get your money quickly (minus the attorney's contingency fee), and you get back to living your life. But Uncle Sam may try to get his hands on some personal injury settlements. In this article, we'll discuss tax issues as they apply to a personal injury settlement.
Compensation for Physical Injury is Not Taxable

As a general rule, the proceeds received from most personal injury claims are not taxable under either federal or state law. It does not matter whether you settled the case before or after filing a lawsuit in court. It doesn’t matter if you went to trial and won a verdict. Neither the federal government (the IRS), nor your state, can tax you on the settlement or verdict proceeds in most personal injury claims. Federal tax law, for one, excludes damages received as a result of personal physical injuries or physical sickness from a taxpayer’s gross income.

This means typical personal injury damages that are meant to compensate the claimant for things like lost wages, medical bills, emotional distress, pain and suffering, loss of consortium, and attorney fees are not taxable as long as they come from a personal injury or a physical sickness. A physical sickness means a claim for an illness. If, for example, you were negligently exposed to a germ that made you sick, any damages that you recover as a result of that illness would not be taxable.

Exceptions to the General Rule

Even if you suffer a physical injury or physical sickness, you will be taxed on damages relating to a breach of contract if it is the breach of contract that causes your injury, and the breach of contract is the basis of your lawsuit.

Further, punitive damages are always taxable. If you have a punitive damages claim, your lawyer will always ask the judge or jury to separate its verdict into compensatory damages and punitive damages. That ensures that you can prove to the IRS that part of the verdict was for compensatory damages, which are not taxable.

One other portion of a personal injury verdict that is taxable is interest on the judgment. Most states have court rules that add interest to the verdict for the length of time that the case has been pending. For example, if you filed your suit on January 1, 2012, you would generally receive interest on the verdict starting from January 1, 2012, and running until you receive payment. If you won at trial on January 10, 2013, but the defendant appealed and did not end up paying you until March 31, 2014, you would receive two years and three months of interest on the amount of the unpaid verdict. This interest is taxable.

Claims for Emotional Injury Only

Remember that the settlement or verdict is non-taxable only as long as it arose from a physical injury. If, for example, you have a claim for emotional distress or employment discrimination, but no actual physical injury, then your settlement or verdict would be taxable unless you can prove even the slightest amount of physical injury.

Ensure That as Much of Your Settlement as Possible is Non-Taxable

Sometimes you might have two claims against the defendant, one of which relates to a personal injury and one of which does not. In this case, especially if the personal injury claim is much larger than the non-personal injury claim, you would want to explicitly state in the settlement agreement what amount of the settlement relates to the personal injury claim and what amount of the settlement relates to the non-personal injury claim.

While the IRS can always challenge the non-taxability of a settlement, specifically allocating your settlement like this gives you the best chance of having most of the settlement excluded from taxation.